"Migraine"

Migraine is a debilitating condition characterized by moderate to severe headaches,and nausea,about 3 times more common in women than men.[1]The word migraine was borrowed from Old French migraigne(originally as "megrim,"but respelled in 1777 on a contemporary French model).The French term derived from a vulger pronunciation of the Late Latin word hemicrania,itself based on Greek hemikrania,from Greek roots for "half" and "skull."[2]The typical migraine headache is unilateral pain(affecting one half of the head)and pulsating in nature,lasting from 4 to 72 hours;symptoms include nausea,vomiting,photophobia(increased sensitivity to light),phonophobia(increased sensitivity to sound),and is aggravated by routine activity.[3][4]Approximately one-third of people who suffer from migraine headaches perceive an aura-unusual visual,olfactory,or other sensory experiences that are a sign that the migraine will soon occur.[5]Initial treatment is with analgesics for the headache,an antiemetic for the nausea,and the avoidance of triggering conditions.The cause of migraine headache is unknown;the most common theory is a disorder of the serotonergic control system.Studies of twins indicate a 60 to 65 percent genetic influence upon their propensity to develop migraine headache.[6][7]Moreover,fluctuating hormone levels indicate a migraine relation:75 percent of adult patients are women,although migraine affects approximately equal numbers of prepubescent boys and girls;propensity to migraine headache is known to disappear during pregnancy,although in some women migraines may become more frequent during pregnancy.

"Hypertension"

Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure is a chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated.It is the opposite of hypotension.It is classified as either primary (essential) or secondary.About 90-95% of cases are termed "primary hypertension",which refers to high blood pressure for which no medical cause by other conditions that effect the kidneys,arteries,heart,or endocrine system.[2]Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for stroke,myocardial infarction,heart failure and arterial aneurysm,and is a leading cause of chronic kidney failure.[3]Moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancy.Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure control and decrease the risk of associated health complication,although drug treatment may prove necessary in patients for whom lifestyle changes prove ineffective or insufficient.[4]

"Depression(mood)"

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts,behaviour,feelings and physical well-being.[1]Depressed people may feel sad,anxious,empty,hopeless,worthless,guilty,irritable,or restless.They may lose interest in activities that once were pleasurable,experience overeating or loss of appetite,or problems concentrating,remembering details or making decisions;and may contemplate or attempt suicide.Insomnia,excessive sleeping,fatigue,loss of energy,or aches,pains or digestive problems that are resistant to treatment may be present.[2]

"Hepatitis C"

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease affecting the liver,caused by the hepatitis c virus(HCV).[1]The infection is often asymptomatic,but once established,chronic infection can progress to scarring of the liver(fibrosis),and advanced scarring (cirrhosis) which is generally apparent after many years.In some cases,those with cirrhosis will go on to develop liver failure or other complications of cirrhosis,including liver cancer [1] or life threatening esophageal varices and gastric varices.The hepatitis c virus is spread by blood-to-blood contact.Most people have few,if any symptoms after the initial infection,yet the virus persists in the liver in about 85% of those infected.Persistent infection can be treated with medication,peginterferon and ribavirin being the standard-of-care therapy.51% are cured overall.Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant,and the virus universally recurs after transplantation.An estimated 270-300 milliion people worldwide are infected with hepititis c.Hepititis c is only known to cause disease in humans.No vaccine against hepititis c is currently available.The existence of hepititis c (originally "non-A non-B hepititis") was postulated in the 1970s and proven in 1989.[2]It is one of five known hepititis virus: A,B,C,D,and E.

"Celiac Disease"

Celiac Disease-Is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward.Symptoms include chronic diarrhoea,failure to thrive(in children),and fatigue,but these may be absent,and symptoms in other organ systems have been described.A growing portion of diagnosis are being made in asymptomatic persons as a result of increased screening,[2]and is thought to affect between 1 in 1,750 to 1 in 105 people in the United States.[3]Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to gliadin,a prolamin(gluten protein)found in wheat,and similar proteins found in the crops of the tribe Triticeae(which includes other common grains such as barley and rye).Upon exposure to gliadin,and specifically to three peptides found in proclaims,[4]the enzyme tissue transglutaminase modifies the protein,and the immune system cross-reacts with the small intestine(called villous atrophy).This interferes with the absorption of nutrients,because the intestinal villi are responsible for absorption.The only known effective treatment is a lifelomg gluten-free diet.[5]While the disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins,it is not the same as wheat allergy.

"Macular Degeneration"

Age related macular degeneration is a medical condition which usually affects older adults that results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field(the macula)because of damage to the retina.It occurs in "dry"and "wet" forms.It is a major cause of visual impairment older adults(>50 years).[1]Macular degeneration can make it difficult or impossible to read or recognize faces,although enough peripheral vision remains to allow other activities of daily life.The inner layer of the eye is the retina,which contains nerves that communicate sight;behind the retina is the choroid,which contains the blood supply to the macula(the central part of the retina).In the dry(non-exudative)form,celluar debris called drusen accumulate between the retina and the choroid,and the retina can become detached.In the wet(exudative)form,which is more severe,blood vessels grow up from the choroid behind the retina,and the retina can also become detached.It can be treated with laser coagulation,and with medication that stops and sometimes reverses the growth of blood vessels.[2][3].Although some macular dystrophies affecting younger individuals are sometimes referred to as macular degeneration,the term generally refers to age-related macular degeneration(AMD or ARMD).Age-related macular degeneration begins with characteristic yellow deposits in the macular(central area of the retina,which provides detailed central vision,called the fovea)called drusen between the retinal pigment epithelium and the underlying choroid.Most people with these early changes(referred to as age-related maculopathy)have good vision.People with drusen can go on to develop advanced AMD.The risk is considerably higher when the drusen are large and numerous and associated with disturbance in the pigmented cell layer under the macula.Recent research suggests that large and soft drusen are related to elevated cholesterol deposits and may respond to cholesterol-lowering agents.

"Bipolar Disorder"

Bipolar disorder or manic-depressive disorder,which is also referred to as bipolar affective disorder or manic depression,is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels,cognition,and mood with or without one or more depressive episodes.The elevated moods are clinically referred to as mania or,if milder,hypomania.Individuals who experience manic episodes also commonly experience depressive episodes,or symptoms,or mixed episodes in which features of both mania and depression are present at the same time.These episodes are usually separated by periods of "normal" mood;but,in some individuals,depression and mania may rapidly alternate,which is known as rapid cycling.Extreme manic episodes can sometimes lead to such psychotic symptoms as delusions and hallucinations.The disorder has been subdivided into bipolar l,bipolar ll,cyclothymia,and other types,based on the nature and severity of mood episodes experienced;the range is often described as the bipolar spectrum.